The majority of urban children now actually acquire it as their first language. Acknowledgements this guide is a culmination of more than a decade providing training and mentoring support and discussing policy briefs. Policy makers hardly think of learners when formulating neither language policies nor do curriculum developers. Kenya, tanzania, and uganda in the context of globalization.
He is currently a final year doctorate student in the institute of linguistics, university of vienna. National language policy the asia pacific journal of educators. Over the last decade, there has been a change in the focus of development policy away from mere quantitative changes in the rate of output. To guide tanzania in the utilization of icts, the government has been setting policy frameworks. Overview, problems and the way forward eduwen friday osamwonyi ph. Eric ej731443 language policies and practices in tanzania. Strengthening capacities of education policy implemented in policy unicef tanzania 2014 kate holt africa. Language policies and practices in tanzania and south africa. It is widely agreed in the literature of language planning that research i. The achievements were a result of various adjustments since the early nineties in policy, regulatory and commercial facets, both. Kenya is a multilingual country with over forty different indigenous languages. For instance, the trade union was instru mental in achieving independence in tanzania when. Policies in united republic of tanzania global database.
According to sa 2007, tanzania differs from some of its neighbors in the sense that swahili is spoken as a. In some african states, the costs monetary, human, and temporal of civil war, rapidly varying commodity prices, human resources shortages, the aids epidemic, etc. Negotiation with hegemony by wendo nabea department of linguistics, university of vienna, vienna, austria the author teaches linguistics at egerton university, kenya. Language is not any longer mentioned in the constitution of tanzania. Pdf language policies and practices in tanzania and. Language policy contributes to the growth of the field by publishing highquality studies that help build a sound theoretical understanding of the subject area. The bantu, swahili language and english, the latter of which was inherited from colonial rule see tanganyika territory, are widely spoken as lingua francas. The impact of language policy and practice on childrens. Pages in category languages of tanzania the following 108 pages are in this category, out of 108 total. State ideology and language in tanzania download ebook pdf. Language policy for education and development in tanzania. Tanzania history, language and culture history of tanzania. Pdf language policies and practices in tanzania and south.
Pdf language policy and planning the tanzania experience. The replacement of swahili medium of instruction by. Tanzania shares with many african countries a colonial legacy in which english is used as an official language and as the medium of instruction in secondary and. Contrary to the long held postulation that it was the objective of the colonial government to promote english language in the colony, the colonial. Linguistic portfolios volume 3 48 language of education planning in zambia rebekah gordon abstract zambia is a landlocked country in south central africa. The physical and postal address of the registered office of the ngo is as follows. In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in tanzania. We made using the peace corps kiswahili language manual tanzania material easier to use and more effective. But in spite of the obvious advantages gained, and bearing in mind that tanzania is an independent. Classroom practices, text books, assessments, as well as the school environment make learning english in africa an uphill task. Perhaps because the concept of a national language has never been clearly defined within the tanzanian context, there is some misunderstanding in the minds of.
The principles of tanzania foreign policy were from a behavioral and humanistic perspective. The article gives some preliminary results from the project. It is a necessity in enhancing work performance and motivation of teachers in the field. The impact of language policy and practice on childrens learning. An international language like french or english, a vestige of colonialism, carries prestige, is used in higher education, and promises mobilityand yet it will not be well known by its users. Form of annual report of ngos, incorporated under the ngo act no. Fishman and ofelia garcia consider it as part of sociolinguistics. Policies in united republic of tanzania global database on. Tanzania is, like most countries in east africa, extremely culturally and linguistically diverse. Language policy in tanzania lyndon harries it is generally understood that swahili is the official national language of the republic of tanzania. This journal covers both language policy and educational policy. Language policy and education in multilingual south africa.
Language policy in most cases is guided by political expediency rather than the interest of the learners. Peace corps kiswahili language manual tanzania live lingua. In this article i focus on the recent language ineducation policy change that has resulted in an englishonly language ineducation policy from. Various different languages are used in south africa, but in the 1996 constitution, 11 languages were made the ofcial. National language policy framework 2003 diversity and to the challenges of constitutional multilingualism, hence the introduction of this national language policy framework. Since the 1990s tanzania has experienced a shift toward a general education curriculum, although a workoriented education approach continues to inform the current etp policy and its related policy documents. Data collected in zanzibar through a questionnaire survey shows that both the ministry of education and the majority of the people support english to be used as. Like many other african nations, the republic of south africa is a multilingual one. Language policy is an interdisciplinary academic field. Language policies and practices in tanzania and south. Its language ineducation policy for early primary education was enacted in 1976. Introduction various studies have been undertaken in tanzania on the language of instruction at the postprimary education level since the late 1970s. How the language of instruction affects the quality of education.
Policy dilemma, language of education model, tanzania, globalization 1. Discusses the background of this policy and suggests an alternative, bilingual policy that gives equal weight to kiswahili and english. Problems and challenges article pdf available in international journal of educational development 241. Tanzania differs from some of its neighbors in that a lingua franca, swahili, is spoken as a second language by a vast majority of the population and is a straightforward choice for a national language. Since language is a major component of such access, fluency in the colonial language is highly valued trudell, 2007. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. This paper addresses the language policy and language development in its relation to education in tanzanian 1980s. Its languageineducation policy for early primary education was enacted in 1976. The medium of instruction in preprimary schools shall be kiswahili, and english shall be a compulsory subject p. Language policy in education in kenya and tanzania. View tanzanian foreign policy research papers on academia. History, language and culture in tanzania world travel guide. Annual return of the ngo day after the date of the made up to the.
It is generally understood that swahili is the official national language of the republic of tanzania. Some of the nilotic languages spoken in tanzania include maasai, which is shared among the maasai group found in both kenya and tanzania. Tanzania achieved notable progress in deploying ict notwithstanding the 1974 prohibition order on electronic computers and television sets. You can now read the ebook in the pane on the left, listen to the audio pane to the right and practice your pronunciation use on the pronunciation tool tab on right all at the same time. Tanzania overview of progress and policy challenges in.
As of now, the newly proposed language policy is bei ng drafted by a task force w hich is led by the centre for language studies. In this project the language policies of tanzania and south africa, as well as the practices of these policies in the classroom are analyzed. Subsequent education commissions have not altered its core content. In the constitution of tanzania from 1962 it was said that kiswahili 1 and english should be the official. Click download or read online button to get state ideology and language in tanzania book now. The failure of language policy in tanzanian schools. Overview of progress and policy challenges in tanzania please cite this chapter as. Tanzania has the largest population in east africa and the lowest population density. Tanzanias youthful population about twothirds of the population is under 25 is growing rapidly because of the high total fertility rate of 4. D tayo akpata university of education, ekiadolorbenin abstract the need for inservice education of teachers cannot be underestimated.
This paper examines language policy in tanzanian schools and its effect on education, equality and economic development. Language policy in tanzania volume 39 issue 3 lyndon harries. Tanzania shares with many african countries a colonial legacy in which english is used as an official language and as the medium of instruction in secondary and tertiary levels of education. In tanzania, kiswahili is seen as the national language. The official language in education policy that is currently being followed in tanzania is the one laid down in the education and training policy which, inter alia, states.
The adoption of language ineducation policy which prohibits the usage of pupils mother tongue has been extended up to grade 5 in primary schools in zanzibar. The implementation plan outlines the strategies that will be used in implementing the language policy, proposing structures that will be key to. In tanzania, kiswahili is seen as the national language, while both kiswahili and english are official languages. This paper is a policy analysis courselinked capstone focused on controversial language policies in tanzania. Education system tanzania epnuffic 1st evidencebased policies, strategies and plans by. This paper explores the evolution of tanzanias language of instruction model and outlines problems it creates from the learners and society perspectives. However, most of these studies do not relate the language of instruction to the quality of education.
I go on to explore the failings of educational language policy as it now stands, focusing on the jarring transition from swahilimedium primary school to englishmedium secondary school. An essential guide to writing policy briefs 3 this guide is dedicated to the memory of icpas training associate and renowned liberian civil society activist, g. English as a medium of instruction a growing global. Swahili has become a language with which people communicate within east africa and the surrounding areas. The current sociolinguistic situation in tanzania necessitates the continued use of kiswahili as a unifying language. Education and training policy part 1 click here foreword preamble part 2 click here aims and objective of education and training system and structure of education and training access and equity in education and training part 3 click here management and. Languageineducation policy development in tanzania. These countries have a similar history given that they are neighbors and were colonized by the same colonial powerthe british, although the germans colonized tanzania for a short time. The government of the united republic of tanzania recognizes that effective use of information and knowledge is a critical factor for rapid socioeconomic growth, in its aspiration to become a middleincome country by 2025.
Education system tanzania epnuffic 1st edition december 2014 version 1, january 2015. Studies in their study of language use in primary classrooms, kembosure and ogechi 2009 document the failure of the prevailing englishfocused ideology to facilitate learning in science and mathematics. While the language policies of tanzania are described as confusing, contradictory, and ambiguous, the language policies of south africa seem clearer and more progressive. Ict policies tanzania has just finalized its information and communication technology ict policy for basic education which incorporates the integrati on of icts in preprimary, primary, secondary and teacher education, as well as nonformal and adult education. While its only official language is english, seven other languages are recognized as national languages. Tanzania had declared swahili as the national language and actively embarked on the standardization and language. Does language of instruction affect quality of education. Foreign policy was also influenced by dependency, which had different facets. The country was initially colonized by germany before the british took over after world war i. Education for selfreliance esr policy, which was engineered as a strategy for increasing the relevance of education to tanzanians. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between tanzania s language policy and the effects on students in secondary school. The national language policy is the result of extensive consultations that began way back in 1995, with the appointment of the language task group langtag.
Tanzania food, drugs and cosmetics control promotion regulations 2010, guidelines for use of nutrition and health claims cacgl 231997 2010 the tanzanian food, drugs and cosmetics iodated salt regulations, 2010. Tanzania is a multilingual country with 150 ethnic languages spoken within its borders. Language policy in tanzania language policy had been thoroughly justified, and no one with any intimate knowledge of the tanzanian scene will have any doubt at all about this. However, tanzania is also distinctive in having an indigenous language, kiswahili also known as swahili. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or.
As a result, even national policy that supports local language use as a medium of instruction. It presents papers that deal with the widest range of cases, situations and regions. They portrays nyereres concern with problems of social justice, self reliance, unity, and colonialism. The authors of the present article are engaged in a research project funded by the norwegian research council. The german colonial government changed the kiswahili script from arabic to latin roycampbell, 2001. In tanzania, foreign investors have complained about the lack of capacity in the labor force, with english language skills being a major area of concern. Swahili language to be spoken by the swahili people, who live on the coast of east africa and on the islands near the coast, including zanzibar, which is now a part of tanzania. Aug 16, 2017 tanzania is an ethnically diverse region with more than 100 ethnic communities. Typically, language policy involves decisions about language use in social contexts, usually concerned with.
Swahili language simple english wikipedia, the free. There are many languages spoken in the country, but no one language is spoken natively by a majority or a large plurality of the population. Swahili is an official language in tanzania and kenya. Roycampbell 2001 argues that germans promoted kiswahili as the language of administration and education in order to maintain the established colonial power dynamics. The administrative, policy, legislative and regulatory framework in tanzania. Tanzania is an ethnically diverse region with more than 100 ethnic communities. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between tanzanias language policy and the effects on students in secondary school. How is the quality of the education offered at the university in tanzania affected by the english language of instruction. Tanzania simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The current language policy in tanzania can best be described by words like confusing, contradictory and ambiguous. There are 127 languages listed for tanzania of which two are considered extinct lewis, et al, 20.
Language policy for education and development in tanzania pdf. Is kiswahili a suitable language for higher learning. There are over 120 ethnic groups on the tanzanian mainland, most of whom migrated from other parts of africa over the millennia, whilst on the coast, the swahili people originated from an eclectic mix of traders arabic, persian and chinese among others who arrived from as early as the 8th century. Oecd 20, overview of progress and policy challenges in tanzania. These communities fall into two broad classifications of either bantu or nilotes. The current release of the tanzania human development report thdr 2014 is the. Kaplan and joseph lo bianco argue that language policy is a branch of applied linguistics as a field, language policy used to be known as language planning and is related. Education and training policy tanzania online gateway. Mar 05, 2015 in tanzania, foreign investors have complained about the lack of capacity in the labor force, with english language skills being a major area of concern. Perhaps because the concept of a national language has never been clearly defined within the tanzanian context, there is some misunder. Language policy in education in kenya and tanzania, a comparative study. The challenges of language planning and language policy in.
Language policy and planning in botswana, malawi, mozambique and south africa. This document brings together the current thinking and practice on human rightsbased approaches in the education sector. This list may not reflect recent changes learn more. This chapter examines education language policy debates in three east african countries. In the united republic of tanzania, primary school is instructed in. Cbos and t rade union i n tanzania influenc e policy processes through advocacy, lobbying and politicking. The use of the english language to teach academic subjects in countries or jurisdictions where the first language l1 of the majority. The language in education policy in most african countries lead. Stakeholders in the national policy forum acknowledged existence of the preconditions for achievement of sdg 4 in tanzania. The fact that there is a policy on feefree education education and training policy of 2014 for 11 years, national inclusive strategy and gender policy etc. On the other hand, other scholars such as bernard spolsky, robert b. English as a second language of instruction in tanzania.
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