The virus is responsible for the 2014 west africa ebola virus outbreak, with the largest number of deaths to date. Although we have known epidemics of untreatable diseases in the past, this particular one may be unique in the intensity and rapidity of its spread, as well as ethical challenges that it has created, exacerbated by its geographic location. Four laboratoryconfirmed cases of ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola occurred in the united states in 2014. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to africa. The ebola virus is transmitted to people from bats or nonhuman primates and spreads within human populations by persontoperson transmission. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Pdf in march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. We used the twitter search engine to collect all tweets in english with the terms ebola and prevention or cure from guinea, liberia, and nigeria during 1 to 7 september 2014. After reports that misinformation spread by text messages led to deaths,2 3 we checked the quality of ebola related information on twitter. Outbreaks from the same ebola virus strain have resulted in varying case fatality estimates, but there is consensus that the zaire ebolavirus is the most virulent among the five species and. There have been more than twentyfive known outbreaks of ebola virus disease in africa since the disease was first identified in zaire. Published ebola virus genomes from the western african ebola virus disease outbreak, march 2014 january 2015. The partisan fight over the government response to the virus echoes the debate in 2014, when ebola featured prominently in. In april 2014, researchers discovered that the ebola virus in guinea was a new strain of ebola, although 97% similar to the zaire strain from central africa.
Previous ebola virus outbreaks have been confined to remote regions of central africa, and the largest, in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976, had 318 cases. Chapter 3 ebola virus the origins history of ebola virus outbreaks chapter 4 ebola virus in the light of other pandemics chapter 5 most recent outbreaks 2014 chapter 6 west saharan response to ebola virus epidemic chapter 7 ebola virus disease in the united states chapter 8 structure and genetics of ebola virus disease. Ousmane faye and colleagues1 recently described the chains of transmission for 152 individuals infected with ebola virus diseases in guinea. Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the us and traveled into the country, either as. If nothing happens, download github desktop and try again. Costs and benefits of early response in the ebola virus.
Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Sep 10, 2014 5 the virus particles of ebola contains genes arranged linearly coding for seven structural proteins np, vp35, vp40, gp, vp30, vp24 and l with np as 3 end leader and l as 5 end trailer. Ebola virus disease has an average case fatality rate of 50%. The tremendous outbreak of ebola virus disease occurring in west africa since the end of 20 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. Nov 21, 2014 the ebola outbreak that began in west africa in early 2014 is the worst outbreak of this virus in history. Ebola virus disease is considered to be zoonotic, with occasional spillovers to humans, apes, and possibly other animals. The high rate of mortality in the current ebola epidemic has made it difficult for researchers to collect samples of the virus and study its evolution. No approved antiviral drugs are available for ebola treatment currently. We retrieve, transform and integrate information pertaining to the ebola virus from multiple sources and link it to existing bio2rdf datasets 14, leveraging knowledge discovery. Technical supplementary for practical communitybased response strategy to interrupt ebola. Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. As of june 18, 2014, a total of 528 cases, including 337 deaths, had been reported from guinea.
The ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a cure. International political economy and the 2014 west african. The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. The figure above is a bar chart showing the number of cases of ebola viral disease evd in the ongoing outbreak that were reported from guinea, by week of symptom onset in during 2014. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was more devastating than all previous evd outbreaks combined. The ebola outbreak, fragile health systems, and quality as a. The deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. In 2014, west african countries guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Ebolashell ddos with multiple methods dns info and reporting whois site look up port scanner site check is it up only checks site from server location. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in pujehun, sierra. As of june 18, 2014, a total of 528 cases, including 337 deaths, had been reported from guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Ebola, the killer virus article pdf available in infectious diseases of poverty 41. Clinical and virological characteristics of ebola virus. Ebola virus genomes from liberian ebola virus disease patients processed at the liberian institute for biomedical research, june 2014february 2015.
Contribute to cmrivers ebola development by creating an account on github. Economic and social burden of the 2014 ebola outbreak in west. Other articles 2019 novel coronavirus covid19 general information. Efforts must be made to better understand these mobility.
Total number of ebola confirmed cases in liberia stand at 5 as of today. We will look at the infectious agent and the epidemic it. Regional spread of ebola virus, west africa, 2014 volume 21. Ebola viruscentered knowledge base database oxford. Lessons learned for public health from the ebola outbreak in west africa how to improve preparedness and response in the eu for future outbreaks. Download acrobat pdf file 3mb recommended articles citing articles 0. As of february 17, 2016, a total of 14,122 cases 62% confirmed of ebola virus disease ebola and 3,955 ebola related deaths had been reported in sierra leone since the epidemic in west africa began in 2014 1. With a total of 28,220 reported cases and 11,291 reported deaths as reported by the who on september 16, 2015, the largest evd outbreak ever documented 2, 3, the disease showed its devastating potential. Between june 2014 and february 2015, thousands of ebola treatment beds were introduced in sierra leone, alongside other infection control measures. Armed mai mai militiamen attacked an ebola treatment centre at the heart of an. Situation map of the ebola virus epidemic in west africa, updated and referenced according to the latest data at the section en. Liberia had by then reported 10,672 cases of ebola. Ebola virus disease global health jama jama network.
However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animalborne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. The perspective of gender on the ebola virus using a risk. A better understanding of this variation provides crucial information about. Reversion of advanced ebola virus disease in nonhuman. We found that the risk for infection in an area can be predicted by case counts, population data, and distances between affected and nonaffected areas. Measuring the impact of ebola control measures in sierra. The most protracted and complicated epidemic of ebola virus ebov disease to date, and the first in western africa, began with the report of 49 cases in guinea on 22 march 2014. Background on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who was notified of an outbreak of ebola virus disease. A comprehensive database of the geographic spread of past.
Pdf ebola virus disease, management, and prevention. Jan 30, 2015 the 2014 outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in west africa, caused by ebola virus zaire ebola virus species, is the largest outbreak of evd in history. A new treatment, containing an optimized cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies against ebola virus, provided full protection and disease reversal in rhesus monkeys when given under conditions in. This paper discusses ebolarelated risk factors, which constantly interact with cultural values, and provides an insight into the link. As of 27 march 2016, 28,646 cases of evd were reported, with 11,323 deaths in 10 countries, making it the biggest and most widespread evd epidemic to date.
A key focus of the ebola response in sierra leone was the promotion and implementation of safe, dignified burials to prevent ebola transmission by. It cause hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates with high mortality rate up to 90% and. Evolution and spread of ebola virus in liberia, 20142015. Recently, reports of nosocomial transmission of ebola virus to 2 nurses from the same patient in texas.
Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. It is responsible for causing ebola virus disease evd that is a severe hemorrhagic fever and has a cumulative death rate of 41% in the ongoing epidemic in west africa. Understanding human movement and mobility is important for characterizing, forecasting, and controlling the spatial and temporal spread of infectious diseases. Development of a preventive vaccine for ebola virus infection. The ongoing 2014 west africa ebola epidemic has been considered as the most serious panic in the medical. It is a severe, often fatal disease 50%90% fatality in humans and nonhuman primates such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Since 1976, 25 ebola outbreaks occurred mostly in central. Potential for large outbreaks of ebola virus disease. Since march 2014, the ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa disrupted health care systems especially in guinea, liberia and sierra leone with a consequential stress on the areas routine immunization programs. Nov 30, 2000 whereas the rodent model has been useful in the development of a vaccine strategy, ebola virus isolated directly from humans must first be adapted by multiple, sequential passages in rodents in. However, most scientific articles continued to refer to ebola virus or used the terms ebola virus and zaire ebolavirus in parallel. The incubation period of ebola virus disease evd varies from 2 to 21 days. Ebola virus disease 20 2014 outbreak in west africa. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc.
Antiebola therapy for patients with ebola virus disease. Ebola virus disease evd is one of numerous viral hemorrhagic fevers. Ebola viruscentered knowledge base database oxford academic. In the three decades since the first reported case of ebola virus, most known index cases have been consistently traced to the hunting of bush meat, and women have consistently recorded relatively high fatality rates in most catastrophic outbreaks. Pdf ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. The authors analyzed changes in the viral sequence and conclude that the current outbreak probably resulted from. The natural reservoir host of ebola virus remains unknown. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the. Age and ebola viral load correlate with mortality and. After ebola in west africa world health organization. This is very important, given the current uncontrolled outbreaks of ebola 2014, and now their uncontrolled spread. In this article, we present the approach used towards the construction of an ebola virus centred knowledge base ebola kb. Clinical and virological characteristics of ebola virus disease patients treated with favipiravir t705sierra leone, 2014 changqing bai. It provides an update on research on the ecology of ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Genomic surveillance elucidates ebola virus origin and. Here is a collection of literature relevant to the use of silver as a cure for ebola and related hemorrhagic viruses. Ebola virus disease and personal protective equipment. Use the mouseover display to view titles of individual pdf files at left. The current outbreak started in february 2014 in guinea, west africa and spread into liberia in march. Panel a shows numbers of cases of ebola virus disease confirmed nationally each week during 2014 and 2015. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola and its control in liberia, 20142015 volume 22. To address perceived decreased vaccination coverage, sierra leone conducted a catchup vaccination campaign during 2427 april 2015.
May 15, 2018 the ebola virus disease evd outbreak 2014 received extensive news media coverage, which faded out before the outbreak ended. Figure s1, tables s3s6, and supplemental experimental procedures. Zvectorborneviralhaemorrhagicfeverguidancefile,4661,en. Ebola virus disease outbreak west africa, september 2014. Pdf ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly ailments known to mankind due to its high mortality. In some people, ebola virus causes symptoms similar to influenza virus, such as fevers, headache, muscle pains, vomiting, or diarrhea. The severe epidemic of ebola virus disease in liberia started in march 2014. Age and ebola viral load correlate with mortality and survival time in 288 ebola virus. Ebola virus ebov, of the family filoviridae viruses, is a niaid category a, lethal human pathogen. Cluster of ebola virus disease linked to a single funeral. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare but often fatal infectious disease that affects humans and nonhuman primates including chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys. An interactive graphic provides information on past and present ebola outbreaks, as well as on the current understanding of the ebola virus and its.
However, there has been criticism of the timing and focus of this response, and it remains unclear how much it contributed to curbing the 2014 2015 ebola epidemic. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa ecdc. Nov 26, 2015 the 20142015 ebola virus disease evd epidemic in west africa was first detected in march 2014 in guinea. Early symptoms of ebola virus disease evd may be similar to other. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. The resulting transmission trees provide unique insights into the individual variation in the number of secondary cases generated by an infected index case. Eleven cases were reported, including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. Nationwide statement by madam ellen johnson sirleaf president of the republic of liberia on the ebola virus. Unfortunately, the current west african ebola outbreak is taking place in a region where mobility has changed considerably in recent years. Previous evd outbreaks were confined to remote regions of central africa. International political economy and the 2014 west african ebola outbreak volume 58 issue 1 adia benton, kim yi dionne.
Ebola virus is one of the most deadly pathogens known to infect humans. Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization. The figure above is a map of west africa, showing the wide geographic spread of cases of ebola viral disease during the ongoing outbreak. Using a mathematical model, we estimated how many ebola virus. Previous ebola virus outbreaks have been confined to remote regions of central africa, and the largest, in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in natural conditions. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name ebola virus be adopted for a subclassification within the species zaire ebolavirus, with the corresponding abbreviation ebov. Transmission has been attributed to reuse of unsterilized needles and close personal contact. Impact of the ebola outbreak on routine immunization in. In other people, it causes severe illness with bruising, bleeding, and failure of many organs in the body, eventually leading to death. On may 9, 2015, the world health organization declared liberia free of ebola, 42 days after safe burial of the last known casepatient. In an online panel, we asked participants n 76 about evd risk perceptions at the epidemic. This study aims to estimate the costs and health effects of earlier interventions in sierra leone.
A practical communitybased response strategy to interrupt. The ebola outbreak in west africa the new york times. Sassolini a, di giovanni d, rea s, gabbarini v, tamburrini a, palombi l, bellecci c, gaudio p. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Residues differentially conserved between ebola and reston viruses are shown in red present in interface, orange not in the interface site, they are and labelled with the ebola virus amino acid, residue number followed by the reston virus amino acid.
Ebola virus disease evd has become a public health emergency of international concern. Ebola, a viral disease characterized by fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and hemorrhage, entered this region and started a disease outbreak. Ebola virus disease evd, implications of introduction in the americas. Unmil radio and the liberian broadcasting system began airing its daily, 30minute talk show on. During 2014 2015, an outbreak of ebola virus disease evd swept across parts of west africa. The world health organization and centers for disease control and prevention have developed guidance to educate and inform healthcare workers and travelers worldwide. Location of cases of ebola viral disease west africa, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. The current outbreak started in february 2014 in guinea, west africa and. Kansas ebola preparedness and response plan version 9. Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. Preventing transmission of pathogens in the health care setting with the use of personal protective equipment ppe has been an area of longstanding debate in the infection prevention community.
Introduction to ebola disease world health organization. Ebola virus disease is a rare disease caused by the ebola virus. However, between march and october 2014, over 10 000 cases of evd have been recorded in. Number of cases of ebola viral disease n 398, by week of symptom onset guinea, 2014 cases reported as of june 18, 2014. Ebola superspreading the lancet infectious diseases.
Mar 27, 2014 the deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. A comprehensive database of the geographic spread of past human ebola outbreaks. To explain the spread of the 2014 ebola epidemic in west africa, and thus help with response planning, we analyzed publicly available data. The figure above is a bar chart showing the cumulative number of ebola virus disease cases reported in five countries in west africa during march 29september 20, 2014. In 2014 and 2015, the largest ebola virus disease evd outbreak in history affected large populations across west africa.
Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Investigating ebola virus pathogenicity using molecular. According to the latest world health organization update, a total of 6,574 ebola cases had been reported as of september 23 from five west africa countries. Pdf ebola virus was first discovered in 1976,who reports 24 outbreaks. Changes in risk perceptions during the 2014 ebola virus. So great has been the havoc of this outbreak that 3685 cases and 1841 deaths have been reported as of 31 august 2014. The west african ebola virus disease evd epidemic of 2014 to 2016 resulted in at least 28,616 cases and at least 11,310 deaths. Pdf on may 1, 2014, kevin b laupland and others published ebola virus disease find, read and cite all the research. Mar 16, 2020 the 20142016 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa was the largest evd outbreak recorded, which has triggered calls for investments that would facilitate an even earlier response. The ebola virus disease evd outbreak 2014 received extensive news media coverage, which faded out before the outbreak ended. Timeline of the worlds largest outbreak medscape dec 23, 2014.
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